LIKAR'S LOVE Old-timers of Lisny and Gromadyanka with the best words greet Dr. Mikola Petrovich Beneslavsky. “He was a miracle doctor, a strange person, yak could come to the rescue at any hour of the day that night,” they say about him. guess about

Like the republican period, the beginnings of knowledge from Rome and the provincial places of the Empire were in the hands of private readers. They recruited a group of children and taught them to read, write and write for a fee. Navchannya in the teacher's booth, and sometimes in the portico or the public garden. The school was called Ludi(pochatkova, elementary), and teacher Magistex Ludus. The students repeated the sounds of that word aloud, like a teacher, and memorized them. Formerly, on waxed tablets, the reader wrote the letters of that word, and the scholars copied them and forgot them. AT post school started from 7 to 12 years.

The grammatical school was bouldered with an attacking lanka, the Greeks were emphatically emphasizing the yak. A course of study in 4 stages. Grammar teachers embellished the school premises with busts of philosophers and writers. The scholars read and commented on the verses of the works, wrote the letters in the right way, moreover, they wrote the Greek and Latin literature in full swing. Uchnі, yakі reached 16 years, passed to rhetorical schools.

Holidays in the Roman school were three times from the middle of the wormwood to the middle of the zhovtnya. In addition, the scholars tried to borrow from the day of religious and community saints, as well as the ninth day of the skin. "nundini"(Rink day).

Irrespective of the fall of the suspenseful life, the Roman Empire highly valued the art of redism. The deyakі іmperatory allotted large sums of pennies for the beginning of schools of Latin and Greek rhetoric. For the functioning of the rhetorical schools, the rhetoricians and noble aristocrats began to step by step, and the rhetoricians (readers of the Krasnomovstvo) became part of the guests at the palaces of the emperors and the houses of the aristocrats; The rhetoricians tried to learn their auditory technical virtuosity and prompting phrases, warmness, understated loftiness of the language. In fact, the listeners performed with promotions on the back of the appointed

themes: "Medea Medea, as if to sacrifice her children", "Zeus, who adored Helios for those who were guilty of having given their chariot Phaeton", "Niobe, as if weeping for their children", etc. Mіzh hearers passed zmagannya z promov, and pomozhtsі otrimuvali, pochayachiy s serpov, books, varіst іѕ dоvnyuvaly tsіnі sіlih suchasnyh librіbrіtok.

The idea about oblashtuvannya in Rome public library place goitre to Caesar, who entrusted the implementation of this project to Mark Terencio Varro, but the death of the dictator caused the project to be created. The first realization of Asia Pollion, having fallen asleep at the library at the Temple of Liberty at the Roman Forum, in the residence of the censors. Another book collection at 28 p. BC vіdkriv on the stole at the temple of Apollo Octavian Augustus, entrusting him to a friend, I sing Ovіdіy max. Vaughn suffered through the years (during the fires of Rome: in 64 rubles and 363 rubles). Emperor Tiberius, having begun the library at the temple of the Divine Augustus, burned down 69 or 70 rubles. n. E Opened bookshops and other emperors. Therefore, for Kostyantyn I the Great, Rome already had 28 libraries.

Center scientific activity Roman Empire I - II Art. the largest Greek and Hellenistic cities of Oleksandriya, Pergamum, Athens, Rhodes were abandoned. Rome, Carthage, Massilia became the centers of science and illumination among them. At Oleksandriya and Nadal, the Museion and library were founded, in Athens - philosophical schools founded by Plato (Academy) and Aristotle (Likey). A lot of honorable Romans came to Rhodes to complete their consecration. Vinik is an important scientific and medical center near Pergamum Asklepion, such a buv at the same time as a chanting of the deity Asclepius, a school of doctors, a hydropathic clinic and a resort.

The period of the Early Empire was marked by the development of science, if the symptoms of an ear of crisis were feared and in the gallery of scientific and philosophical creativity. Kіlkіsno scientiс creatives grow up, prote scientiс methods and rude, develop creative fantasy and discover the originality of thought.

The philosophical thought continued to develop. The ancient science taught me to think, to speak clearly of its thoughts. Philosophers nonchalantly showed the spiritualists how you can live, how to live, how to improve your fortune.

So, in the works of Seneca, ethical problems were at the center of respect: light, rooting to the sensible cob, providence, to the greater deity, as in the images of the philosopher, they are sometimes associated with nature, sometimes they are endowed with rice of the beloved Father Almighty. Law of nature, at the same time, with the laws of God, which are necessary for people to live, as they may gravitate to the knowledge that they have in all vchinkah

guilty overwhelm reasonable grounds. It is necessary to look into the turmoil of life, then - talk about spiritual jealousy, as if robbed a person with a baiduzh to all the strong shocks. Philosophy "to create and shape the spirit, order life, manage actions, show what is required, and what is not a trace to work, sit behind the kerm and lead the ship through unsafe winds" [Seneca. Leaves of Lucilius, 16, 3]. The task of philosophy is to strengthen the human spirit from the vicious body, to teach it to be viable to the laws of nature.

Seneca is a prominent representative of the philosophy of stoicism, writing on 124 pages to Lucilia and the satirical sing to death of Emperor Claudius. The philosopher propagates the jealousy of all people for nature. Characteristic of this drive is the speech about slaves: "Stink slaves. Ale stink people. stink slaves. Ale stink judge around the house. stink slaves. No, stink comrades in slavery, just think about those that are allowed to share, however rich against you both "[Leaves to Lucilius, 47, 1].

Prote life special Seneki at rich vipadkah superchilo yogo vchennyu. For example, vin giving a penny on credit for a high income and being one of the richest people in his hour (volodymy mayzhe 300 million sisters). However, the philosophical look of Seneca plunged into the moderns, into the next generation and, without a doubt, into the Christian ethics.

In the midst of standing with great popularity Epiktet(about 50-120 pp.), originally from Phrygia, a slave of one of Nero's freemen. After the permission of the wines, having made philosophy in Rome, the stars of the letters of the vines, having leaned in Epiri. The center of respect for Epiktet has an ethical problem: a person is guilty of trying to gain freedom of the spirit.

Yoga philosophy was adopted by cosmopolitanism. Epiktet having voted the jealousy of all people; freedom for the new - human quality, accessible to the skin of the people regardless of the social status. You can spend everything: mine, honor, family, but you can neither choose nor strangle human freedom. The butt of Epictetus showing that before the vchennya of the Stoic in the singing world, there were accountable and humiliated versions. However, tse vchennya called out not to struggle, but to reconciliation; vono vyhovuvala among people svіdomlennya those scho іsnuyuchi social order - an inevitable need.

Inshim brought by a representative Stoic philosophy of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Look at your wines in the notes under the name "Alone with yourself. Think", Found and published after the death of the emperor. At the heart of this philosophy is self-analysis with the method of self-perfection.

Suspіlne life of all hours is given to Marcus Aurelius monotonous and one-man. "Remember, forever, that everything that is seen at once, has been

And earlier and sooner, you will know ... Guess, for example, hang the door of Adrian, and the whole door of Pilip, and Oleksandr, and Croesus. Everywhere everything was the same, only diyov individuals were different” [Mark Avreliy. Consider, 4, 32]. Toma and sound in yogo's words how well it is possible to thoroughly arrange political: "Do not dream about Platonist politics; be pleased, as if you were far away, no matter what, and marvel at such a success, like a chimalu rich" [Think, 2, 1]. The emperor himself, in fading away, is a way of life, appreciating the pragmatism, punctuality of his obov'yazkiv.

In the midst of the scientific prose of the early imperial period, an important place was occupied by historical writers. Nasampered, tse robot Padua titles of Libya(59 p. BC - 17 p. n. e.) Roman History" in 142 books, pierced by patriarchal and idealistic attitudes.

On the basis of solid historical material (annals, legends, ethnological myths, historical journalism, etc.) urbe condita) to the cob principate. Roman history is at the same time a historical and artistic literary creation, written by the "professor of Krasnomovstvo".

Lyviy develops the whole philosophy of history, raising to an unattainable height the republican valor that subtly contrasts with its present moment in the great past, as it did Imperial Romanum. However, "Roman history in the beginning of the city" of Livia is not so historically relevant to the great mind, but rather a historical novel, more dramatic, or an epic, written by a first-class master, good volodymyr historical material, and endowed with the gift of historical composition. We will remain as a historian of Rome, we will follow the style of the congress in the way of thinking to a galaxy of republican historians. After 100 years, Roman historiography did not know the original historians. The reasons lay in the objective political minds, which were put together for the attackers of the sickle, and the vastness of the very object of historical records. Extensiveness of the material and rich diyovih osib despised the historians.

Naprikintsi I st. BC came "Roman Archeology" Dionysius of Halykarnsky, who tried to bring the ethnic closeness of the Greeks to the Romans, easily laid out the material at random.

Typical historian of imperial Rome, prefect of cavalry Velley Paterkul, which is alive at Tiberia, having risen in price richly, that posterigav. Part of yoga practice "Roman history at the consulate of M. Vinitsia" has come to us. Like and yogo fellows, Paterkul interprets the historical process from a biological point of view, distinguishing the period of childhood, youth, youth and old age. Roman history in the image of Velleius Paterculus is the history of all the features, creators of history. If you don't think about it, you won't be led to the biographies of great people. Internal link between the podia at the viklad Velei Paterkul NE

speak with sufficient clarity, podії povіdomlyayutsya without vkazіvki on their causal connection and mutual deliberation. At the center of the history of Paterculus stands the emperor Tiberius, the patron of the historian and the object of yoga devotion.

The Roman suspіlstvo hung up to the іstorії folding and vіdpovіdalnі zavdannya. History explained the reasons for blaming the right way, told the truth that it recounted yoga, showed the examples of valor and shortcomings on specific examples ancient heroes. Before history, they turned with great interest, if they did not know satisfaction with the present activity, trying to know the joy in the distant past. І nevipadkovo, which is the characteristic rice of historians of the II century. became the magnitude of the past. Moreover, historical podії were laid out like in prose, and in poetic forms. Uvіyshov vogue historical epos, interpreting historical legends and historical legends. Lie down to epic creations "Argonautics" by Valery Flakka at 8 books, "Fivaida" Papinia Station in 12 books that tell about the share of the children of Edip, "Punica" Sіlia Italіka in 17 books, it was shown to be similar to the Other Punic war.

For example, the 70s - on the cob of the 80s of the 1st century. The rebels appeared in Judea 66 - 73 pp. Josip ben Mattafia, more vіdomogo pіd іm'yam Josip Flavius. At the robots "Jewish War" ta" Jewish antiquity" Vіn gives no less than citative material from the history of his fatherland, and above-average valuable data from the history of the Hellenistic powers and the Roman Empire.

From the Roman historians of the Antonin era, Publius Cornelius Tacitus (about 55-120 pp. AD) is mentioned, through the creation of a red thread, the negative setting to absolutism and love to the Republic, especially in early works "Dialogues about speakers", "Agricola". Quote from further yogo ("Nimechchina", "History", "Annali") with all the diversity and vastness of the plots, they are united by a single idea and a philosophical concept. The central idea is the revival of the Roman Suspіlstvo, and like the legacy of the crisis of the Republic and the consolidation of the Empire. The cause of the crisis Tacitus vvazha ushkodzhennya morality. For the data of specific minds dotsіlnoy political form Tacitus respects Trajan's "I will put an end to the monarchy".

Finish the original work of Tacitus "Nimechchina" (Germania. De situ ac populis Germaniae liber), de description of the camp, social arrangements and pobut of the German tribes. Crim direct mark - the recognition of the Romans with the Germans, which was naturally stretching out of the parts of the connection and closing with the German tribes, tvir mav and publicistic meta. Describing the simple devices of the Germans and depicting them as strong and healthy people, Tacitus contrasted the orders of the German wilds with the Roman ancestors, like a girshe.

The year was "History" ( historiae) in 14 books from Galbi to Domitian (69 - 96 pp.) and "Annali" ( Annales) - from the death of Augustus to the death of Nero (14 - 68 pp.).

Vіdpovіdno to philosophії stoїkіv, close to yakoї buv Tacitus, zavdannya іstorika polyadno nasampered in etichnіy otsіnci іstorichnyh osіb podіy. Tacitus does not have a wild conception, having respected the task of a moralist to his own guilt, and bringing history to the level of ethics and politics. The strength of Tacitus was based on Yogo's miraculous characteristics and dramatic depiction of predilections of his feelings on the face of social and political struggle.

Weaker than Tacitus, respect the yogo of a young co-worker Gaia Svіtlonіyu Tranquilla(about 70 - 160 pp.), Adrian's secretary. "Biographies of the Caesars" written by him in a songful pattern (early history, history of rule, callousness, way of life, character, peaceful life, death, funeral, obituary), beginning in the name of Julius Caesar and ending with Domitzian. Therefore, the history of the state is divided in the biographies of emperors and floods at court intrigues and tiles. Among yoga works, there are a few more treatises "About the Laika", "About the children of the Greeks", "About Rome, the Romans sound that morality", "About famous people".

Rhetorical element, the power of Svіtlonії, commemoration in the history of Oleksandrіytsіv Appiana(mid-II century AD), a lawyer for fakh, a procurator of fisku in Egypt. Yogo "Roman history" folded from a number of divisions, moreover, the material is grouped after wars. Of the saved books, one (7th) was dedicated to the war with Hannibal, the other - to Syrian and Parthian history, the war to Mithridates. An important part of the robot to become "Gromadyansky wars at Rome" in five books (ХПІ – XVII). The historiographical value of Appian's work lies in the fact that the stench of avenging a lot of data from the works of other historians, like Appian's corsist. Individualism and faith in particularity, what to create and change the historical background for one's bajan, characteristic of the historiography of imperial Rome.

Until the end of I - on the cob P st. cherish the creativity of the master Adrian Plutarch of Chaerones(close to 46-126 pp.). The leader of history, according to Plutarch, is brought up to the introduction of the most ethical values ​​of honesty to people, as they allow people to increase the wealth of nature's pledges of the possibilities of honesty, and vices are more likely to be fought on historical butts. Plutarch having done it on your own, create your own food (" Think about morality", "Treatise on music") that great series of biographies of the most important historical figures in Greece and Rome. Part of these "parallel biographies" (Vitae parallelae)(about 13 osіb) was saved and dosi viklikaє the interest of the number of readers. Plutarch describes the "gallery of glory" of Greece and Rome, as he is guilty of expanding the horizon of the chitach, giving him the idea of ​​beauty and showing him the different human types in their life and spirit. "For us, - even Plutarch at the introductory part of Pericles's biography, - will bring back that color, the beauty and acceptance of some kind of zmіtsnyuyut zіr and give him remorse. it’s time to call out to him powerfully.”

Three other rows of historians should be named Lucia Annea Flora, who wrote a short sketch of Roman history on the basis of the work of his successors (the head rank of Titus Livius). Flor tried to help the readers with her practice sovereign fiance, that it is not possible to acquire great historical practices. Looking at the material, the short history of Flora has become a great helper of Roman history, which is a hooting period from the beginning of the city to Trajan.

Monuments of literature, poetry, figurative art do not deplete the wealth of cultural values ​​of Rome. At the same time, the knowledge of the special sciences - law, everyday and military technology, the agricultural state, agriculture, etc. - was expanded. ius civile) and international law ( insgentium), the gnuchkosti of the court process.

Roman law was molded as a head rank, a shlyakh of ship practice, zvichaїv, decisions of magistrates, senatorial resolutions, comments and consultations of authoritative jurists about unknown and super-clear places for the law. Over the years, the number of judicial incidents has grown significantly, a lot of super-judicious decisions and ediktiv have accumulated, and it has been fatally marked in judicial practice. The thought about the systematization of laws was blamed for this. The systematization of Roman law is beginning to begin with the sickle, which led to the creation of codes of Roman civil law. The basis of Roman law was the kіlka fundamental principles (Ius boni et degui).

The right came out of the interests of the rightfulness of the individual, free from his actions and defending them. Among lawyers, they founded different schools and straight away. For Serpnya the schools were open analoguesі apomalists. Persh was stunned by a lawyer Labeo, friend - Kapiton (Capito). Nearly 400 creations are attributed to Labeon, reworked later by the lawyer Pavel and included before the Digest. Nashchaki Labeo, in the name of the proculeans Procula, the teachings of Labeon, looked at the liberal views, and at the rich food they stepped into the traditional ones. Spadkoєmtsі Kapitonіv (Sabinіantsі), navpaki, dorimuvalis conservative glances, uniquely like the innovations of that free cloud of law, like the proculeyantsi robbed.

Of the technical disciplines in Rome, budding mechanics was developed. Encyclopedia of mechanics, vzagali budіvelnoї mekhanіk, respect the treatise of the Roman engineer-budivelnik Vitruvia Pollio. Less than offerings to him, a copy of the creations from the gallery of the gallery is about the high level of Roman budding technology. Otherwise, it would not be possible to explain the thoroughness, mіtsnіst and roman budіvels.

Follow that warning about the strength of the state of the country taken from the great robot from 12 books Lucia Junia Moderato columeli"About the silsk state" (De rerustica).

In a systematized order, the viklav usі galuzі statehood - farming, animal husbandry, growing garden and urban crops, vigilance, lіsіvnitstvo, sowing herbs thinly. Columella proponuvav sіlskomu hozpodar systematization dosvіd greek and roman agronomists, additions to the orders of the lord-practitioner, the author of the treatise.

Pliny Sekund the Elder (23 - 79 pp.) having seen the encyclopedic practice "Natural History" (Naturalis historia) in 37 books, which avenges comments from various disciplines - cosmogony, theology, geography, anthropology, natural science, and history. The scientific and theoretical significance of the Plіnієvoї encyclopedia is insignificant, but as a historical fact, "Natural History" becomes the first value. The author has collected great material, more than 600 Roman and Greek creations. For the celebration of the gospodarskogo, I will arrange, techniques, mov, and pobut that vdach of the Roman Empire, Pliny's encyclopedia, as an extremely important reminder, which is not equal to all ancient literature.

Young part-timer Pliniya buv Frontin(40 - 103 pp.), who wrote a number of special treatises: "Yaro Viyskovski cunning", "About water pipes". The first treatise was worthy of great popularity among Italians condottieri(Kerivnikiv hiring military pens) in the era of Western European Renaissance.

The practical nature of the maw and helper of the rhetoric of Mark Fabius Quintilian (35 - 96 pp.), born in Spain. "Institutis oratoris" pіdbivaє pіdbіvaє pіdbags bahatorіchnoї roman roman vikladachiv rhetoric. Kvintilian, having moved to Rome under Vespasian, becoming a professor of redism and having taken away the wine city from the state. Yogo robot gave no less practical reasons s encourage promos, and s pronounce the scheme for preparing a speaker for children, so that they reach a pedagogical character. Vin is an opponent of philosophers and the claims of philosophers to those who only stench can wiggle a wise man. A true illumination speaker is a reasonable person, as if he were wearing his own shoes.

From the lives of the greater versions of the Roman Suspіlstva to know us listing Pliny Young(61/62-113/114 pp.), nephew famous legacy of nature. Vision of him Panegyric to Trajan being a promo in the Senate, voted before the emperor, and then specially divided for viewing. In addition, Pliny published his listing with prominent co-workers of that Emperor Trajan. Tse chronicle of moods of the senatorial nobility, її іnteresіv, pobutu. everyday life. Pliny himself was included in such a group, but he was also a human being, as if he was taken over by literary glory.

Pliny the Elder tells that the first doctor, Greek Arhagat, having arrived to Rome from the Peloponnese in 219 r. BC, having taken away the Roman enormity and houses for the reception of ailments, inducements for sovereignty [Natural History, XXIX, 12]. After him, other Greeks began to move to Rome. And the Romans themselves hurried to engage in medical practice.

Vlasne, the Romans began to take care of the medical right under the hour of the principate. For Octavian, having taken a wide recognition from Rome Anthony Muse, a kind of vilіkuvav princeps vіd mortal ailment, zastosovuchi method of cold baths and poultices. Behind this, the senators with a wet purse erected a monument to the likarev near the statue of Esculapus [Svetonij. Divine August, 59; 81]. Under Tiberia Aulus Cornelius Celsus, theoretician, having written a great encyclopedic practice of medicine, de giving the Romans a reason, we also know: turbulence about proper eating, to uniquely change temperature changes, to be more on the fresh air, on the sun.

One of the best doctors Claudius Galen, practitioner and theorist of medicine. A handful of wines pratsyuvav at Pergamon, de likuvav gladiators, and from 161 r. n. E settling in Rome, being left as a court physician for the three emperors of the Antonin dynasty: Marcus Aurelius, Lucy Viri that Commodus. Vin is one of the first to practice the preparation of mavp, in order to better know about the life of the human body.

Galen's special treatises are dedicated to the sciences of medicine - surgery, dichal organs, etching, the head and spinal cord, analysis of the living speech, and stinging. "Medical art" For a long time Galena was respected as an intelligent assistant in medicine. For all the breadth of his enlightenment, Galen was not a stranger to religious and mystical ideas, characteristic of that hour. Philosophy and light-gazing are nourished by the popular religious-mystical outlook, respecting that everything in nature, that human body is in order of light dotality, light-mindedness, as to stand above the light and cherub.

Postupovo in medicine was a reading of specialization: surgeons, ophthalmologists, laryngologists, facilitators of internal ailments, women's ailments. A lot of doctors are involved in the singing sphere of activity: sports doctors, doctors of gladiators, firefighters, midwives (most importantly women).

In the era of the sickle principate, the foundations were laid for the organization of medical service in the Roman army. Before obov'yazkіv roman likar included nadanny help sick, carrying out preventive visits, selection of recruits for the service, the healing of the wounded. According to Celsus, the doctors in the Roman army were better known in medicine, lower, yakі small private practice. Under Marcus Aurelius, the medical service in the army established a special emblem for itself - the goblet and the snake of Asclepius.

Rome had a lot of rightful doctors, but the population was placed before them with such distrust and sorcery. Why did it appear that doctors often used new, yet unknown methods of healing, likes and procedures, as well as those that doctors had little access to the imperial court, de їkh tsіnuvali and often entered into an intimate relationship with the wives of the imperial ї. Drawn in to the court intrigues, doctors for help helped to help us to suck out the unimportant political competitors in the fight for the supreme power. So, the court physician and friend of Livi, the squad of Drusus, the son of Tiberius, Єvdem nibito didpomіg otruїti Drusus. In the past, a little bit went about the squad of Claudius. Messalina that її doctor Valentin.

Deyakі likarі nabіvі nabіt on those scho scho sponukali rich shakhraїv and charlatans also try their hand at this craft. According to Pliny the Elder, the court physician took 250 thousand. sisters on the river. At Rome, the two Greek brothers were well known. Kos: Quint Stertiniiі Guy Stertin. Remaining court physician of Emperor Claudius. For the version of Tacitus, the rest of the squad of Claudius, Agrippa, bazhayuy raise the throne for his son Nero, for the help of the court physician, who took the swedkodiya stubble at the emperor’s throat, spent a man, and the likar was generously vinified [Tacitus. Annali, XII, 67]. Private practice brought the elder brother Quint even more profit and the brothers deprive their bastards of more than 30 million sisters [Pliny the Elder. Natural History XXIX, 7-8].

The Romans were overwhelmed by that silliness of some doctors who recognized illnesses as dear faces, most of them foreign. Wider in Rome was a hoard of foreign cosmetics, zokrema. with a healing tooth powder, after cleaning the teeth, it is clear.

Bula rozvinena child medicine - pediatrics. Finding a pediatrician can help you Sorana, which is alive at Rome under Trajan and Adrian. At his robot "Yaro women's ailments" wines at 23 divisions, having recommended, as a requirement to keep an eye on the infirmities, this from these divisions was assigned to the problems of the anniversary of the new people. Soran gives instructions, how they don’t need to speak, they show the quality of breast milk, how they don’t give up to the breasts, how many years they need to sleep, what kind of regimen the mother should do or the anniversary. The current recommendations of the pediatrician should not be dispersed even with today's views on these problems: for example, Soran, having taken care of the wrong way to calm the child, crying, giving breasts all the time; For the most part, they don’t celebrate regularly and less than a day, having forgotten the piece of anniversaries.

Bli y іnshі prirodnі аnd naukovі аstances. So, the most ancient lighthouse near the world, yak "vezha of Hercules", beating the entrance to the bay of the Spanish city La Coruna Buv zbudovaniya at II Art. for the reign of Emperor Trajan in honor of the god Mars. The height of the tower is 55 m.

Greek mechanic Geron Oleksandriysky vinayshov eolipil - I run the steam engine. The sack wrapped around under a whirlwind of water vapor. The members of the party took this guilt like a rozvaga.

Ale entrusted with progressive achievements in the field of natural sciences and technical achievements already in II. not. There are also signs of cultural regression. The center of astronomical knowledge was the Oleksandriyskiy museyon, which played a role Claudius Ptolemy(about 90 - about 160 pp.), an eminent mathematician, geographer and astronomer. In robots "Geography"vin gives the knowledge of geographical knowledge of the ancient world. Almagest Ptolemy was inspired by the prominent scientific achievements of Aristarchus of Samos and the heliocentric system of light-intelligence created by him. Natomist vіn propoponuvav theory, zgіdno z kakoyu center Sleepy systemsє Earth, and the Sun and other heavenly bodies wrap around it. This theory was adopted by the Oleksandrian vcheni, and by the year the Christian theologians, and it became the basis of the middle-class reasoning I will arrange the All-World. The geocentric system was left unharmed until the 16th century, when Copernicus.

In this rank, the cultural development of the Roman Empire I - II Art. poserіgali two tendencies: the traditions of Roman and Hellenistic cultures. The Roman culture gradually embraced the Hellenistic forms, but continued to preserve its own individuality. Prote entrusted with progressive tendencies in the її development of commemorative elements in the fall (want stench in different shawls to disperse at the hour).

The chief of modern medicine, Hippocrates, was a prophet: “The doctor may have information from rich speeches and, among others, from massage” .

Rozmaїttya pochuttіv podzhuyut dotika with us. Dilyanka shkiri in two square centimeters to avenge over 3 million clitin and 50 nerve endings. Our ancient ancestors were not aware of this, but they knew that dots to the body can wake and calm, make you want and punish. To this, various methods of dotics in life were won.

History of massage: who is first? From the first drive, there are a few thoughts. Naiposhirenishe - massage vinayshli from China. One more thing - having clearly formulated the founder of the Radian massage system, Professor I.M. Sarkizov-Serazin: “The people are as old as the distant past, so even in the present day we cannot ascribe to ourselves alone the honor of discovering the technique of massage. It would be wrong to say that the Chinese, Indians, Greeks made massage.

In the Chinese manuscript "Kong-fu" 2698, even before our time, the jubilant diya of various massage techniques is already revealed. Who is not a bagman China, with їhnoy prophylaxis of ailments, stupendous staging to the language of the body - they could be the first to pay attention to the results of rubbing the body with their hands, squeezing the m'yazіv, pomіrnogo roztyaguvannya. In all provinces of China there were schools, in which they enjoyed massage and ruhs. One can judge about the importance of the massage of the inhabitants of ancient China by the fact that most of these school directors had the title of "heavenly healer".

Prior to the speech, even then, they also prescribed a physiological injection of massage on the nerve and vascular system. The “Book about the inner person” of the 9th century BC says: “Just as the blood-bearing judges of the human body clogged up under the spit of the nerve, the body of the person was numb, then yoga can be used for additional massage.”

There, in the 6th century, a sovereign medical institute was created in the world, and massage was performed. In the 16th century, an encyclopedia in 64 volumes is seen, descriptive of all take massage.

History Indian massage for us is based on "Ayurvedi" - medical treatises written 1800 years before our era. Vzagali Іndіya z її unique methods cost a little about the middle of other lands. Adoring the body, the Indian zavdyaki massage gave it supra-wichness and plasticity, the flooring is necessary for the recognition and volatility of the Kama Sutra, which is hostile. Here it seems that the first person to receive massage was given by the Buddha himself.

Far beyond the borders of India, Sushruti gained popularity and widespread popularity. The founder of Indian surgery, Sushruta, gave a report on the stosuvannya tertya (rubbing), vice (removing) that indication before the implantation of that chi іnshoy receiving massage for various pathological states. And in special methodical instructions addressed to nurses, one can see not only the ability to perform massage, but also to improve one’s physical excellence, to attach great respect to special hygiene.

Romans vikoristovuvali all vzhe vіdomі vіdomosti pro those who seek power massage that multiplied їх. Particularly widespread in the system of physical therapy and in medicine, massage was taken off by the ancient Roman healer Asclepiad (128-56 BC). Galen, the court physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, describing stroking, rubbing, rubbing. The very wine was one of the first ones, having started a massage, finishing a specific technique.

The area of ​​​​the stagnation of the Romans massage is given as a landless area. Everything was courted by him - from the emperor to the slave. Until our time, there has been a discourse about the Emperor Adrian, who, after waking up once, like an old warrior at the vіdkritіy laznі tremt about marmur, zupiniv yoga and asking why he should win wine himself, on which vіdpoviv: “I don’t have a slave, like a bi me rubbing." And then Emperor Adrian, calling on the merits of the old warrior, gave him two slaves and the necessary amount of pennies for their morning. Adrian bobbed on the way to the path of the elders, who rub against the wall. Once upon a time, having pleased them to rub one by one themselves.

And the axis of the Ancients Greek massage buv privileged bagatih - mav, hanging with my scientific mys, social significance. Slave Masazhuvatisya not mali right. Great peace and that, in the minds of the slave-slavish suspіlstva thoroughly healthy, that physical strength was the main minds, both for the defense against enemies, and for the privileged minority among the conquered numerical slaves.

Greece, which deserves an honorable role in the history of the development of physical education, first began to mass massage for various types of physical rights. Here, the cult of health and beauty flourished. The Greek physician Gerodikos (5th century BC) was the first to signify his physiological impact on the body. He himself lived close to a hundred years and all his life regularly engaged in gymnastics and massage. Yoga student Hippocrates continued the development of massage techniques and stosovuvav yogo during healing.

Before speech, the popularity of cosmetic massage. There were special salons for looking after the skin of the face, hands and hair.

About the physiological infusion of massage, especially about the practical stagnation in sports, she wrote the famous doctors of Greece: Herodikos, Hippocrates and the author of the famous aphorism: “A healthy body has a healthy spirit” - Democritus.

Massage technique near the lands of Minor and Middle Asia sharply rejoiced at the classic massage of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome, she took away the name “shidny massage”. Yogo was robbed not only with his hands, but with his feet, trying to “see” the veins of the blood and to give the gnuchnosti to the swamps. Foot massage, or pedal massage, is zastosovuetsya and contagiously, most often in sports practice, if the patient has great that strong m'yazi and hands it is important to massage.

In the period when science opened up at the Skhodі, on the way panuvala power of the church that її dogmatіv: the spirit over the flesh. It seems unrealistic that if the massage procedure here was considered sinful, and gloomily gloomily the inquisitors could burn for the new one on bagatti. At the massage, they marveled at the pagan religion. In the XIV-XV centuries in Europe, the connection with the publication of work on the anatomy of people began to inspire interest in the culture of the body and massage. At the XVI century. the famous Italian teachings Merculialis in his rich work "The Art of Gymnastics" on the basis of critical analysis systematizes the practices of the past century, develops a massage, giving a description of new methods of development. At the beginning of the 18th century, the history of massage is associated with the names of such vchenih as Hoffman, Fuller, Andre. Of particular interest were the manifestations before massage after the appearance of the capital practice “Medical and surgical gymnastics”, written by the French clinician Clement Joseph Tissot in 1780, which was to provide data on the effect of massage in the practice of gymnastics.

Massages were done like doctors, and even more in that hour. So, for example, the thirty-five-five-year-old Wolfgang Johann Goethe bobbed down and conquered the idea again, according to Dr. Buchholz, after a thriving run at the start of the cooler, rubbing his legs, so tired. And if you spend three hours at the table (for example, rozroblyayuchi optimal geometry kulі), robbing the massage on the back of your head.

At the turn of the 18th-19th century, the Swedish gymnastic system of Peter Henri Ling celebrated a significant influx of great massage in the clinics of Europe. (1776-1839). Having violated Skhid, I got to know the bath massage. In the attack of rheumatoid arthritis, which could not be overcome by the best minds of Sweden, having allowed the massage therapist. Todi Ling dedicate his life to the popularization of yoga therapeutic authorities. In 1813, the Central Royal Institute of Gymnastics was opened near Stockholm. The very gymnastics to that in the Swedish system there is no difference between physical rights we massage without interruption. Before speech, Ling combined the ancient techniques of massage into the system, but without setting the indications and contraindications for dosing drugs.

Indicated before the massage, based on the development of anatomy and physiology, according to I.G. Metzer (1839-1901). Tse buv offensive krok at the development of massage.

At the 5th Olympian Games of 1912, the Swedes already had a team of special masseurs in the state.

In Russia, massage is reminiscent of old, old, but only as part of bath procedures. In Ancient Russia, bathhouse attendants-healers were born, they victorious for the jubilation of ailments and the key to the power of the wedding massage. With the arrival of Christianity folk zasib became vvavatsya chaklunstvo.

Like a jubilant zasib massage was born in Russia in the 19th century. The Russian nobility knew about massage at European resorts, where they saw their whole homelands. Three of these methods also gave precedence to the explorers of Peter Henri Ling.

Russian high schools have made a great contribution to the development of massage at a new level. S.G. Zabelin (1735-1802) and N.M. Amborik (1744-1812) pointed out to the blame the role of passive growths for the correct growth of children in the chest. Nil Fedorovich Filatov (1836-1904), the creator of the Vitchiznyan school of pediatrics, recommending massage.

Pershovіdkrivachem in Russia, the triumph of fractures of K.A. Schultz. Also, the practice of massaging in traumatological practice was adopted by the practitioners of K.F. Werner, M.V. Shmulevich, A.P. Zechenkova, V.F. Grube, I.G. Turner. Likar D.O. Ott achieved great results, zastosovayuchi massage as a cure for curative gynecological diseases.

S.P. Botkin widely recommended massage for diseases of the liver and the slug. With full-time ailments, massage in Russia zastosovuvav A.N. Maklakov, who should give priority to the science of light on the need for mechanical vibration massage in case of ailment of the eyes.

The great significance of the formation of massage in our country is small practice I.Z. Zaborovsky, which physiologically explained the significance of massage for sports. In 1888, the fate of Moscow M.K. Having created a massage and gymnastics institute, Barsov, Solovyov started the course of massage. In 1910, A.I. After falling asleep at the institute of medicinal cosmetics. At Petersburg in 1991, the fate of the doctor O.M. Zalesova opened a medical gymnastics school for women and children.

In 1922, I.M. Sarkizov-Serazin organized a course of sports, hygienic and luxuriant massage at the State Central Institute of Physical Culture. The stinks have become a reference school for the preparation of highly qualified masters of massage.